Raça e essencialismo na Teoria Feminista do Direito

Angela P. Harris

Resumen


No artigo que aqui apresentamos, pela primeira vez traduzido para o português, a Professora Angela Harris discute, a partir da oposição das vozes de um “Eu” que só conhece particularidades e um “Nós” que apenas conhece generalidades e silencia outras vozes, a teoria feminista do Direito. Para isso, trabalha com a produção das teóricas feministas norte-americanas Catharine MacKinnon e Robin West para argumentar que ambas produzem uma teoria feminista do Direito assentada no essencialismo de gênero. Sustenta o perigo desse essencialismo de gênero, uma vez que ele especialmente silencia as vozes de mulheres não-brancas e do feminismo negro e ou ignora ou trata como mera variação de uma experiência branca a experiência dessas mulheres e, ao fim, destaca a necessidade de uma teoria feminista do Direito que reflita a consciência múltipla.

Palabras clave


Raça; Feminismo.; Essencialismo; Teoria feminista do Direito

Texto completo:

PDF (Português (Brasil))

Referencias


ANZALDUA, Gloria; MORAGA, Cherrie. This bridge called my back: writings by radical women of color, 2 ed., New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1983.

BALKIN, J. M.. Deconstructive Practice and Legal Theory, 96 YALE L J., 1987, p. 743-786.

BARTLET Katharine T. MacKinnon's Feminism: Power on Whose Terms. California Law Review, v. 75, n. 4, 1987. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 12 jan. 2016.

BENHABIB, Seyla; CORNELL, Drucilla. Introduction: Beyond the Politics of Gender. CORNELL, Drucilla (Eds.). Feminism as Critique: Essays on the Politics of Gender in Late-Capitalist Societies. Feminist Perspectives. Cambridge/Minneapolis: Polity Press; University of Minnesota Press, 1987.

BORGE, Jorge Luis. Labyrinths: selected stories and other writings. New York: New Directions Publishing, 1964.

BORGE, Jorge Luis. Prosa Completa. Barcelona: Ed. Bruguera, 1979. v. 1.

BROWNMILLER, Susan. Against our will: men, women and rape, Bantam Books, 1976.

BULKIN, Elly. Hard Ground-Jewish Identity, Racism, and Anti-Semitism. BULKIN, Elly; PRATT, Minnie Bruce; SMITH, Barbara. Yours in struggle: three feminist perspectives on anti-semitism and racism. Ann Arbor: Firebrand Books, 1984.

BUTLER, Judith. Variations on Sex and Gender: Beauvoir, Wittig, and Foucault. In: BENHABIB, Seyla. CORNELL, Drucilla (Eds.). Feminism as Critique: Essays on the Politics of Gender in Late-Capitalist Societies. Feminist Perspectives. Cambridge/Minneapolis: Polity Press; University of Minnesota Press, 1987.

CARBY, Hazel V. "On the Threshold of Woman's Era'" Lynching, Empire, and Sexuality in Black Feminist Theory. APPIAH, Kwame Anthony; GATES, JR, Henry Louis (ed). "Race," Writing, And Difference, University of Chicago Press, 1986.

CARBY, Hazel V., White Woman Listen! Black Feminism and the Boundaries of Sisterhood. CENTRE FOR CONTEMPORARY CULTURAL STUDIES. The empire strikes back: race and racism in 70s Britain. London: Hutchinson, 1982.

CHODOROW, Nancy. The reproduction of mothering: psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. University of California Press, 1978 (1978).

COVER, Robert. Violence and the word. Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository. Paper 2708, 1986.

DAVIS, Angela Y., Women, race and class. New York: Random House, 1981.

ESTRICH, SUSAN, Real Rape, Camrbidge: Harvard University Press, 1987.

FLAX, Jane, Postmodernism and Gender Relations in Feminist Theory. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 12, no. 4, 1987.

FRASER, Nancy; NICHOLSON, Linda. Social Criticism Without Philosophy: An Encounter Between Feminism and Postmodernism. ROSS, Andrew (ed). Universal abandon? the politics of postmodernism. Univ of Minnesota Press, 1988.

GATES, JR, Henry Louis., Editor's Introduction: Writing "Race" and the Difference It Makes. APPIAH, Kwame Anthony; GATES, JR, Henry Louis (ed). "Race," Writing, And Difference, University of Chicago Press, 1986.

GETMAN, Karen A. Sexual Control in the Slaveholding South: The Implementation and Maintenance of a Racial Caste System, Harvard women's law journal, vol 7, 115, 1984.

GIDDINGS, Paula, When and where I enter: the impact of black women on race and sex in America. New York: W. Morrow, 1984.

GOODRICH, Peter, Historical Aspects of Legal Interpretation. Indiana Law Journal: Vol. 61, Iss. 3, 1986.

GRAMSCI, Antonio, Selections from the prison notebooks 12. New York: International Publishers, 1971.

HALL, Jacquelyn Dowd, "The Mind that Burns in Each Body': Women, Rape, and Racial Violence. SNITOW, Ann Barr; STANSELL, Christine; THOMPSON, Sharon. Powers of desire: the politics of sexuality. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983.

HARAWAY, Donna. A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s. Socialist review, n. 15. London: 1985.

HAWKESWORTH Mary E. Knowers. Knowing, Known: Feminist Theory and Claims of Truth. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 14, no. 3. University of Chicago Press, 1989.

HOOKS, bell. Ain't i a woman? black women and feminism. Boston: South End Press, 1981.

HOOKS, bell. Feminist theory: from margin to center. Boston: South End Press, 1984.

HOOKS, bell. Talking back: thinking feminist, thinking black. Boston: South End Press, 1989.

HURSTON Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1937.

HURSTON, Zora Neale. How It Feels to Be Colored Me. I love myself when i am laughing ...and then again when I am looking mean and impressive. (A. Walker ed.) New York: The Feminist Press, 1979.

HURSTON, Zora Neale. What White Publishers Won't Print. I love myself when i am laughing ...and then again when I am looking mean and impressive. (A. Walker ed.) New York: The Feminist Press, 1979.

JOHNSON, Barbara, Thresholds of Difference: Structures of Address in Zora Neale Hurston. APPIAH, Kwame Anthony; GATES, JR, Henry Louis (ed). "Race," Writing, And Difference, University of Chicago Press, 1986.

JONES, Jacqueline, Labor of love, labor of sorrow. New York: Basic Books; 1985.

JOSEPH, Gloria i.; LEWIS, Jill. Common differences: conflicts in black and white feminist perspectives (1981);

KING, Deborah K. Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 14, no. 1. University of Chicago Press, 1988.

KLINE, Marlee. “Race, Racism, and Feminist Legal Theory. Harvard women's law journal, vol 12, 1989.

LAKOFF, George; JOHNSON, Mark. Metaphors we live By. University of Chicago Press, 1980.

LAURETIS, Teresa de. Feminist Studies/CriticalStudies: Issues, Terms, and Contexts,. LAURETIS, Teresa de(ed). Feminist studies/Critical studies. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1986.

LEARS, TJ. Jackson, The Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities. The American Historical Review, Volume 90, Issue 3, June 1985, p. 567–593. Oxford University Press, 1985.

LITTLETON, Christine A., Feminist Jurisprudence: The Difference Method Makes (Review). Stanford Law Review, vol. 41, No. 3, p. 751-784. Stanford University, Stanford, 1989.

LOMBARDO, Paul A. Miscegenation, Eugenics, and Racism: Historical Footnotes to Loving v. Virginia, U.C. DAVISL. REV, vol. 21, 1988.

LORDE, Audre. Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference. LORDE, Audre. Sister Outsider. Crossing Press, 1984.

LUGONES, Maria C.; Elizabeth V. Spelman. Have We Got a Theory for You! Feminist Theory, Cultural Imperialism and the Demand for "The Woman's Voice. Women's Studies International Forum, Vol. 6, No. 6. p. 573-581, 1983.

MACKINNON, Catharine A. A Rally Against Rape. MACKINNON, Catharine A. Feminism unmodified. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.

MACKINNON, Catharine A. Desire and Power. MACKINNON, Catharine A. Feminism unmodified. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.

MACKINNON, Catharine A. Diference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination. MACKINNON, Catharine A. Feminism unmodified. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.

MACKINNON, Catharine A. Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: An Agenda for Theory. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol.7, no. 3. University of Chicago Press, 1982.

MACKINNON, Catharine A. Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 8, no. 4. University of Chicago Press, 1983.

MACKINNON, Catharine A. Francis Biddle's Sister: Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech. MACKINNON, Catharine A. Feminism unmodified. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.

MACKINNON, Catharine A. Introduction: The Art of the Impossible. MACKINNON, Catharine A. Feminism unmodified. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.

MACKINNON, Catharine A. Not by Law Alone: From a Debate with Phyllis Schlafly. MACKINNON, Catharine A. Feminism unmodified. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.

MACKINNON, Catharine A. On Exceptionality: Women as Women in Law. MACKINNON, Catharine A. Feminism unmodified. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.

MACKINNON, Catharine A. Whose Culture? A Case Note on Martinez v. Santa Clara Pueblo. MACKINNON, Catharine A. Feminism unmodified. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.

MACKINNON, Catharine A., On Collaboration. MACKINNON, Catharine A. Feminism unmodified. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.

Martinez v. Santa Clara Pueblo, 402 F. Supp. 5, 11 (D.N.M. 1975), rev'd, 540 F.2d 1039 (10th Cir. 1976), rev'd, 436 U.S. 49 (1978).

MATSUDA, Mari J. When the First Quail Calls: Multiple Consciousness as Jurisprudential Method. Women's Rights Law Reporter. vol ll, n. 1. Rutgers-The State University, 1989.

MINOW, Martha. Feminist Reason: Getting It and Losing It. Journal of Legal Education,

vol. 38, No. 1/2 (March/June 1988). Washington: Association of American Law Schools, 1988.

MINOW, Martha. The Supreme Court 1986 Term-Foreword: justice Engendered. Harvard Law Review, vol. 101, no. 1 (Nov., 1987), p. 10-97. Cambridge: The Harvard Law Review Association, 1987

MORRISON, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: Alfred Knopf, Inc., 1977.

MORRISON, Toni. Beloved. New York: Alfred Knopf, Inc., 1987.

MORRISON, Toni. Sula. New York: Alfred Knopf, Inc., 1974.

MORRISON, Toni. The bluest eye. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.

NEWSWEEK. “Feminism: "The Black Nuance," NEwsWEEK, Dec. 17, 1973, p. 89-90;

OMOLADE, Barbara. Hearts of Darkness. SNITOW, Ann Barr; STANSELL, Christine; THOMPSON, Sharon. Powers of desire: the politics of sexuality. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983.

OMOLADE, Barbara. Black Women and Feminism. EISENSTEIN; Hester; JARDINE, Alice (ed). The future of difference. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1980.

OZICK, Cynthia. Literature and the Politics of Sex: A Dissent. OZICK, Cynthia. Art & ardor New York: Alfred Knopf, Inc., 1983.

OZICK, Cynthia. Innovation and Redemption: What Literature Means. OZICK, Cynthia. Art & ardor New York: Alfred Knopf, Inc., 1983

PRATTI, Minnie Bruce. Identity: Skin Blood Heart. BULKIN, Elly; PRATT, Minnie Bruce; SMITH, Barbara. Yours in struggle: three feminist perspectives on anti-semitism and racism. Ann Arbor: Firebrand Books, 1984.

REAGON, Bernice Johnson, Coalition Politics: Turning the Century. SMITH, Barbara (ed). Home girls: a black feminist anthology. Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1983.

RESNIK, Judith. “Dependent Sovereigns: Indian Tribes, States, and the Federal Courts, University of Chicago Law Review: vol. 56 : Iss. 2 , Article 9, 1989.

RICH, Adrienne. Disloyal to Civilization: Feminism, Racism, Gynephobia. RICH, Adrienne. On lies, secrets, and silence. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1979.

ROSS, Andrew. Politics Without Pleasure (Review). Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities, vol. 1, Iss. 1, 1989.

RUSSELL, Diana. Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and Workplace Harassment. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1984.

SHANGE. Ntozake. no more love poems #4. SHANGE. Ntozake. For colored girls who have considered suicide/when the rainbow is enuf. London: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1977.

SMITH, Barbara; SMITH, Beverly. Across the Kitchen Table: A Sister-to-Sister Dialogue. ANZALDUA, Gloria; MORAGA, Cherrie. This bridge called my back: writings by radical women of color, 2 ed., New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1983.

SMITH. Barbara. Notes for Yet Another Paperon Black Feminism, or Will the Real Enemy Please Stand Up?. EHTEL, Lorraine; SMITH. Barbara. Conditions: five. The Black Women's Issue, 1979.

SPELMAN, Elizabeth V. Inessential woman: problems of exclusion in feminist thought. Boston: Beacon Press, 1988.

TRUTH, Sojourner (1851), Ain’t I a woman? Black women in nineteenth-century american life: their words, their thoughts, their feelings. BOGIN, Ruth; LOEWENBERG, Bert J. (ed). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press, 1976.

WALKER, Alice. The color purple. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982.

WALKER, Alice. Advancing Luna e Ida B. Wells. WALKER, Alice. You can't keep a good woman down. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981.

WEISBERG, Robert, The Law-Literature Enterprise. Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities, vol. 1, Iss. 1, 1989.

WELLS, Ida B.. On Lynchings: Southern Horrors, a Red Record Mob Rule in New Orleans. Ayer Co Pub, 1969.

WHITE, James Boyd. When words lose their meaning. University of Chicago Press, 1984.

WILLIAMS, Joan C. Deconstructing Gender, Michigan Law Review, vol 87, 797, 1989.

WILLIAMS, Patricia J. Alchemical Notes: Reconstructing Ideals from Deconstructed Rights. In: Harvard Civil Rights-Liberties Law Review, v. 22, 1987.

WRIGGINS, Jennifer. Rape, Racism, and the Law. Harvard women's law journal, vol 6, 103, 1983.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.5102/rbpp.v10i2.6932

ISSN 2179-8338 (impresso) - ISSN 2236-1677 (on-line)

Desenvolvido por:

Logomarca da Lepidus Tecnologia