Protection Of cultural property under International Humanitarian Law: emerging trends
Abstract
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Anonymous, Art in Time of War: Pillage, Plunder, Repression, Reparations & Restitution, Harvard Law School Art Law, http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/martin/art_law/war.htm#:~:text=places%20of%20worship-,Without%20prejudice%20to%20the%20provisions%20of%20the%20Hague%20Convention%20for,the%20cultural%20or%20spiritual%20heritage
Cultural property is non-renewable resources that includes but not limited to works of art , old buildings or their ruins , museums , library , scriptures, archives, historic buildings and monuments , archaeological sites and artifacts found on land or underwater , places of worship and other sacred places like churches , mosques , temples , idols , shrines , sanctuaries , mountain , cemeteries etc
Types of Cultural Property,https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/chp04-02iraqenl.html
Patty Gerstenblith, The Destruction of Cultural Heritage: A Crime against Property or a crime against people?,15 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 336(2016), available at https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1382&context=ripl
MORGAN, LLEWELYN. The Buddhas of Bamiyan. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2012. Accessed August 4, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbt4h.
Cultural pluralism means when smaller ethnic group within a larger society maintain their unique values , practices, customs and traditions without being inconsistent with the values , practices, customs and traditions of wider society.
Multiculturalism is the concept under which society deals with its cultural diversity both at national and community level. multiculturalism assumes that everyone benefits from cultural diversity and for the bestinterest of society as whole all these cultural diversities to be harmoniously maintained with each other in the society.
Nobuo Hayashi, Requirements of Military Necessity in International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law, 28 Boston University International Law Journal, https://www.bu.edu/law/journals-archive/international/documents/39-140.pdf
Alice A. Booher, The Military Advantage: The Military.com Guide to Military and Veterans Benefits, https://www.bva.va.gov/docs/VLR_VOL2/Copy12--AliceBooher.pdf
Department of Defense Law of War Manual (June 2015), https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/DoD%20Law%20of%20War%20Manual%20-%20June%202015%20Updated%20Dec%202016.pdf?ver=2016-12-13-172036-190
Jean- Marie Henckaerts and Louise Doswald- Beck, Customary International Humanitarian Law, https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/customary-international-humanitarian-law-i-icrc-eng.pdf
Ashlyn Milligan, Targeting Cultural Property: The role of International Law, https://jpia.princeton.edu/sites/jpia/files/2008-5.pdf
P. Ishwara Bhat, Protection of Cultural Property under International Humanitarian Law: Some Emerging Trends, 4 ISILYBIHRL (2001), available at http://www.commonlii.org/in/journals/ISILYBIHRL/2001/4.html
Anonymous, Marking of Cultural Property with Emblems of the 1954 Hague Convention, https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/chp04-10egyptenl.html
Drazen Petrovic, Ethnic Cleansing- An attempt at Methodology, 5 EJIL (1994), available at http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/5/1/1247.pdf
Flippo Ristoldo, Attacks against Cultural Property as a weapon of war: An exploratory case study, https://www.ibei.org/ibei_studentpaper34_105354.pdf
Kenneth Lasson, Incitement in the Mosques: Testing the limits of free speech and religious liberty27 Whittier L. Rev. 3 (2005), available at https://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1384&context=all_fac
P. Ishwara Bhat, Protection of Cultural Property under International Humanitarian Law: Some emerging trends, http://www.heritage.sense-agency.com/assets/home/sg-7-03b-bhat-protection.pdf
Patty Gerstenblith, The Destruction of Cultural Heritage: A Crime against Property or a crime against people?, 15 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 336 (2016), available at https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1382&context=ripl
Lieutenant Colonel Theodore T. Richard, Nuclear Weapons Targeting: The Evolution of Law and U.S. Policy, 224 Military Law Review (2016), available athttps://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military_Law_Review/pdf-files/224-issue4-2016.pdf
Elissa S. Myerowitz, Protecting Cultural Property during a time of War: Why Russia Should return Nazi-Looted Art, 20 Fordham International Law Journal (1996), https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1808&context=ilj
Anonymous, Cultural Heritage, https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/research-guides/special-topics/cultural-heritage/
Emma Cunliffe et al., The Destruction of Cultural Property in the Syrian Conflict: Legal Implications and Obligations, 23 International Journal of Cultural Property (2016), https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-cultural-property/article/destruction-of-cultural-property-in-the-syrian-conflict-legal-implications-and-obligations/5B81E9C84C7F9B24FA0C4F1E9FA50CAF/core-reader
Matthew D. Thurlow, Protecting Cultural Property in Iraq: How American Military Policy Comports with International Law, 8 Yale Hum. RTS & DEV. L.J. (2005), available at https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1050&context=yhrdlj
Anonymous, Mali, Accountability for the Destruction of Cultural Heritage https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/mali-accountability-destruction-cultural-heritage
UNESCO on The Fight against the illicit Trafficking of Cultural Objects The 1970 Convention: Past and Future, http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/2013_INFOKIT_1970_EN.pdf
ICCROM, Protecting CULTURAL Heritage in Times of Conflict, https://www.iccrom.org/sites/default/files/ICCROM_18_ProtectingHeritageConflict_en.pdf
Marion Forsyth, Casualties of War: The Destruction of Iraq’s Cultural Heritage as a Result of U.S. Action During and After the 1991 Gulf War, 14 DePaul J. Art, Tech. & Intell. Prop. L. 73(2004) available at https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1202&context=jatip
Megan Kossiakoff, The Art of War: The Protection of Cultural Property during the “Siege” of Sarajevo(1992-95), 14 DePaul Journal of Art, Technology and Intellectual Property Law 109(2004), available at https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1203&context=jatip
Srda Pavlovic, The siege of Dubrovnik and the consequences of the ‘War for peace’ (July 4th 2009), https://pescanik.net/the-siege-of-dubrovnik-and-the-consequences-of-the-war-for-peace/
Jas Elsner, Iconoclasm as Discourse: From Antiquity to Byzantium, 94, The Art Bulletin 368-394, 368(2012), available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/23268277
Don Stewart, Why did God order the destruction of the Canaanites?, https://www.blueletterbible.org/faq/don_stewart/don_stewart_1382.cfm
Dr. Elizabeth Macauley- Lewis, The History of Art and Architecture in the Islamic World (April 18,2017), https://brewminate.com/the-history-of-art-and-architecture-in-the-islamic-world/
Emma Wegner, Hagia Sophia, 532-37 (October 2004),https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/haso/hd_haso.htm
Herodotus, Herodotus: On the Customs of the Persians (January 18, 2020), https://www.ancient.eu/article/149/herodotus-on-the-customs-of-the-persians/
Gregory M. Mose, The Destruction of Churches and Mosques in Bosnia- Herzegovina: Seeking a Rights- Based Approach to the Protection of Religious Cultural Property, 3 Buffalo Journal of International Law 180 (1996), available at https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=bjil
Cultural pluralism means when smaller ethnic group within a larger society maintain their unique values , practices, customs and traditions without being inconsistent with the values , practices, customs and traditions of wider society.
Multiculturalism is the concept under which society deals with its cultural diversity both at national and community level. multiculturalism assumes that everyone benefits from cultural diversity and for the bestinterest of society as whole all these cultural diversities to be harmoniously maintained with each other in the society.
Nobuo Hayashi, Requirements of Military Necessity in International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law, 28 Boston University International Law Journal 41-139(2010),available at https://www.bu.edu/law/journals-archive/international/documents/39-140.pdf
Alice A. Booher, The Military Advantage: The Military.com Guide to Military and Veterans Benefits, Veterans Law Review, available at https://www.bva.va.gov/docs/VLR_VOL2/Copy12--AliceBooher.pdf
https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/DoD%20Law%20of%20War%20Manual%20-%20June%202015%20Updated%20Dec%202016.pdf?ver=2016-12-13-172036-190
Jean- Marie Henckaerts & Louise Doswald- Beck, Customary International Humanitarian Law, ICRC, https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/customary-international-humanitarian-law-i-icrc-eng.pdf
Beatriz Wrtinez Saavedra, Shaping the ‘Community’: Hindu Nationalist Imagination in Gujarat, 1880-1950, http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57285/7/WRAP_THESIS_Martinez-Saavedra_2013.pdf
Aniket Tathagat Chettry, Unravelling the Myth Exploring State and Religin under Aurangzeb, Glob J Arch & Anthropol, 6(2018), available on https://juniperpublishers.com/gjaa/GJAA.MS.ID.555686.php see also Parven Alam, Temple Destruction and the Great Mughals religious policy in North India: A case study of Banaras Region, 1526-1707, Analisa Journal of Social Science and Religion, available on https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3210/fdc936fa3a055c9005aa43de48448edef18a.pdfhttps://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3210/fdc936fa3a055c9005aa43de48448edef18a.pdf
Eric Tanner Schluessel, The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/33493602/SCHLUESSEL-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf
Barry Sautman, Tibet and the (Mis-) Representation of Cultural Genocide, Sautman B. (eds) Cultural Genocide and Asian State Peripheries, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2F9780230601192_6.pdf see also Jaspreet K. Sandhar, Cultural Genocide in Tibet: The Failure of Article 8 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in protecting the cultural rights of Tibetans, Santander Art and Culture Law Review (2015), https://www.ejournals.eu/SAACLR/2015/2(2015)/art/6788/
Sulaf Abdullah Hama Rashid et al., Protection of cultural property in the light of international Humanitarian Law, 7 Journal of Critical Reviews 1021 (2020), available on http://www.jcreview.com/fulltext/197-1588576264.pdf
Eric A. Posner, The International Protection of Cultural Property: Some Skeptical Observations, 8 Chicago Journal of International Law 213(2007), available on https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/190354673.pdf
UNESCO on protection of cultura property , http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/MilitaryManuel-En.pdf
Joshua E. Kastenberg, The legal regime for protecting cultural property during armed conflict, 42 Air Force Law Review 277 (1997), available at https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1423&context=law_facultyscholarship
Sulaf Abdullah Hama Rashid et al., Protection of cultural property in the light of international Humanitarian Law, 7 Journal of Critical Reviews 1021 (2020), available on http://www.jcreview.com/fulltext/197-1588576264.pdf
Naomi Mezey, The Paradoxes of Cultural Property, 107 Colum. L. Rev. 2004-2046 (2007), available at https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1902&context=facpub
Anonymous, Culture under fire: Armed Non- State actors and Cultural Heritage in wartime, https://genevacall.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Cultural_Heritage_Study_Final.pdf
John Moustakas, Group Rights in Cultural Property: Justifying Strict Inalienability, 74 Cornell Law Review 1179 (1989), available at https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/216738239.pdf
Anonymous, Iconoclasts Battle, https://scannerfasr942.weebly.com/iconoclasts-battle-1.html
R.K. Sherwin, Law, metaphysics, and the new iconoclasm, 11 Law Text Culture 70-105(2007),https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=ltc
Lieutenant Colonel Theodore T. Richard, Nuclear Weapons Targeting: The Evolution of Law and U.S. Policy, 224 Military Law Review (2016), available athttps://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military_Law_Review/pdf-files/224-issue4-2016.pdf
Kanchana Wangkeo, Monumental Challenges: The lawfulness of destroying cultural heritage during peacetime, 28 The Yale Journal of International Law 183-274, https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1206&context=yjil
Catherine Dale, Operation Iraqi Freedom: Strategies, Approaches, Results and Issues fo Congress, CRS Report for Congress (April 2, 2009) https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL34387.pdf
The Navy seal of USA pulled down the statue of Saddam Hussein from Firdos Square at Bagdad
David Freedberg, Art and Iconoclasm, 1525-1580, the case of the Northern Netherlands, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/arthistory/faculty/Freedberg/Art-and-Iconoclasm.pdf
Anonymous, Old Testament, https://www.catholic.org/bible/old_testament.php
Joshua E. Kastenberg, The legal regime for protecting cultural property during armed conflict, 42 Air Force Law Review 277 (1997), available at https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1423&context=law_facultyscholarship
Kenneth Lasson, Incitement in the Mosques: Testing the limits of free speech and religious liberty27 Whittier L. Rev. 3 (2005), available at https://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1384&context=all_fac
Misha Ketchell, Destroying Mosul’s Great Mosque: Islamic State’s symbolic war to the end (June 23rd 2017), available at https://theconversation.com/destroying-mosuls-great-mosque-islamic-states-symbolic-war-to-the-end-80002
ICJ on the Question of Tibet and the Rule of Law, http://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1959/01/Tibet-rule-of-law-report-1959-eng.pdf
UN on United Nations Declaration on the rights of Indigenous Peoples, https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf
Jaspreet K. Sandhar, Cultural Genocide in Tibet: The Failure of Article 8 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in protecting the cultural rights of Tibetans, Santander Art and Culture Law Review (2015), https://www.ejournals.eu/SAACLR/2015/2(2015)/art/6788/
Raphael Lemkin, Acts constituting a general (transnational) danger considered as offences against the law of nations, http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/madrid1933-english.htm
Rule 38, ICRC on customary IHL https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule38
The Lieber Code, (April 24, 1863), https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lieber.asp#sec2
Laws and Treaties protecting cultural property: The 1880 Oxford Manual, https://uscbs.org/1874-brussels-declaration.html#:~:text=On%20the%20initiative%20of%20Czar,them%20by%20the%20Russian%20Government.
Rule 40, ICRC on customary IHL, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_rul_rule40
Laws and Treaties protecting cultural property: The 1880 Oxford Manual, https://uscbs.org/1880-oxford-manual.html
Rule 40, ICRC on customary IHL, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule40
The Hague Rules of Air Warfare (1922 February) https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/The_Hague_Rules_of_Air_Warfare
ICRC, Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments, (April 15, 1935), available on https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/325?OpenDocument
Zhang Yue, Customary International Law and the Rule against taking cultural property as spoils of war, 17 Chinese Journal of International Law 943-989 (2018), available on https://academic.oup.com/chinesejil/article-pdf/17/4/943/27275819/jmy030.pdf
Treaty of Peace with Germany (Treaty of Versailles), https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000002-0043.pdf
Art in time of war: Pillage, Plunder, Repression, Reparations & Restitution, Harvard Law School Art Review, http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/martin/art_law/war.htm#:~:text=places%20of%20worship-,Without%20prejudice%20to%20the%20provisions%20of%20the%20Hague%20Convention%20for,the%20cultural%20or%20spiritual%20heritage
UNESCO, Convention for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict with regulations for the execution of the convention 1954, http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13637&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
P. Ishwara Bhat, Protection of Cultural Property under International Humanitarian Law: Some Emerging Trends, 4 ISILYBIHRL (2001), available at http://www.commonlii.org/in/journals/ISILYBIHRL/2001/4.html
Fighting the Illicit Trafficking of cultural property (2018), http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/movable/pdf/Toolkit_01.pdf
Corine Koch, A blue shield for the protection of our endangered cultural heritage, 4 International Preservation Issues, https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/pac/ipi/ipi4-e.pdf
Johan Brosche et al., Heritage under Attack: Motives for Targeting Cultural Property during armed conflict, International Journal of Heritage Studies (2016), available on https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1051738/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Sulaf Abdullah Hama Rashid et al., Protection of cultural property in the light of international Humanitarian Law, 7 Journal of Critical Reviews 1021 (2020), available on http://www.jcreview.com/fulltext/197-1588576264.pdf
David Keane, The Failure to protect Cultural Property in wartime, 14 DePaul J. Art, Tech. & Intell. Prop. L. 1(2004), available on https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1200&context=jatip
Kruti J. Patel, Culture Wars: Protection of Cultural Monuments in a Human Rights Context, https://studentorgs.kentlaw.iit.edu/jicl/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/01/Patel_Note.pdf
Id.
Anonymous, Culture under fire: Armed Non- State actors and Cultural Heritage in wartime, https://genevacall.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Cultural_Heritage_Study_Final.pdf
Roger O Keefe, The Meaning of ‘Cultural Property’ under the 1954 Hague Convention,46 Netherlands International Law Review 26-56(1999), available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/netherlands-international-law-review/article/meaning-of-cultural-property-under-the-1954-hague-convention/D86C46B8F8996D4AB8C4A10D74B5E95D
Zoe Howe, Can the 1954 Hague Convention apply to non-state actors?: A study of Iraq and Libya, 47 Texas International Law Journal 403-425, available at https://www.aiamilitarypanel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Howe403.pdf
Tim van Lit, Cultural Property, War Crimes and Islamic State (September 2016), http://iadaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Cultural-Property-War-crimes-and-Islamic-State-2016.pdf
Colonel Postiglione Luigi, The protection of Cultural Heritage during Armed Conflicts, https://publications.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/3482.pdf
Jolien Berends, Cultural Property Protection Makes sense, https://www.cimic-coe.org/resources/make-sense-series/cultural-property-protection-makes-sense.pdf
Louise Arimatsu and Mohhuba Choudhury, Protecting Cultural Property in Non-International Armed Conflicts: Syria and Iraq, 91 Int’l L. Stud. 641(2015), available at https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1412&context=ils
Maclenzie Warner, The Last poor plunder from a bleeding land: The Failure of International Law to protect Syrian Antiquities, 42 Brook J. Int’l L. 481 (2016), available at https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1664&context=bjil
Jennifer Anglim Kreder and Kimberly Degraaf, Museums in the Crosshairs: Unintended Consequences of the War on terror, 10 Wash. U. Global Stud. L. Rev. 239(2011), available at https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=law_globalstudies
Ana Filipa Vrdoljak, Cultural Heritage in Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, (January 2009), http://heritage.sensecentar.org/assets/Uploads/sg-7-12-vrdoljak-heritage-en.pdf
Anonymous, Nuremberg Trial Judgements: Julius Streicher, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/nuremberg-trial-judgements-julius-streicher
United Nations on Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia by Year’s end, residual mechanism will assume remaining workload, its president tells general assembly (October 18, 2017),https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/ga11963.doc.htm#:~:text=After%2024%20years%20the%20Tribunal,against%20impunity%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20said.
ICTY, Dubrovnik and Crimes against Cultural Heritage, https://www.icty.org/en/outreach/documentaries/dubrovnik-and-crimes-against-cultural-heritage
ICTY, Judgment in the case of Prosecutor v. Pavle Strugar:Pavle Strugar sentenced o eight years imprisonment, https://www.icty.org/en/press/judgement-case-prosecutor-v-pavle-strugar-pavle-strugar-sentenced-eight-years%E2%80%99-imprisonment
Ana Filipa Vrdoljak, The Criminalisation of the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage 2016,https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/CulturalRights/DestructionHeritage/NGOS/A.P.Vrdoljak_text1.pdf
Prosecutor v. Miodrag Jokic, IT-01-42/1-S, https://www.icty.org/x/cases/miodrag_jokic/tjug/en/jok-sj040318e.pdf
Ana Filipa Vrdoljak, The Criminalisation of the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage 2016,https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/CulturalRights/DestructionHeritage/NGOS/A.P.Vrdoljak_text1.pdf
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, https://www.icc-cpi.int/resource-library/documents/rs-eng.pdf
Anonymous, What is Complementarity? National Courts, the ICC, and the Struggle against Impunity, https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/subsites/complementarity-icc/
Elbridge Colby, War Crimes and their punishment, Minnesota Law Review 40-46(1924), available at https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/217206027.pdf
Christopher Roberts, On the definition of crimes against humanity and other widespread or systematic human rights violations, 20 Univ. of Pennsylvania Journal of Law and Social Change 1(2017), https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1202&context=jlasc
Marjolein Cupido, The Contextual Embedding of genocide : A Casuistic Analysis of the Interplay between law and facts, 15, Melbourne Journal of International Law, 1(2014), available at https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/1586879/Cupido1.pdf
Milena Sterio, Individual Criminal Responsibility for the Destruction of Religious and Historic Buildings: The Al Mahdi Case, 49 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 63(2017), available at https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2500&context=jil
Anissa Barrak, Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi: ‘I plead guilty’ (October- December 2017), https://en.unesco.org/courier/2017-october-december/ahmad-al-faqi-al-mahdi-i-plead-guilty
Anonymous, Ahmad Al Faqi Mahdi transferred to UK prison facility to serve sentence (May 3, 2019), https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1451
Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi at the ICC (February 2016), https://www.justiceinitiative.org/publications/ahmad-al-faqi-al-mahdi-icc
Francesco Francioni & Federico Lenzerini, The Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan and International Law, http://www.ejil.org/article.php?article=436&issue=27
Francesco Francioni & Federico Lenzerini, The Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan and International Law, 14 EJIL 619-651(2003), available at http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/14/4/436.pdf
Anonymous, What is Complementarity? National Courts, the ICC, and the Struggle against Impunity, https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/subsites/complementarity-icc/
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5102/rdi.v17i3.7076
ISSN 2236-997X (impresso) - ISSN 2237-1036 (on-line)
Desenvolvido por:
