State´s international responsibility for the human right to food: Implementation in Brazil through Agroecology

Paula F. Strakos, Michelle B. B. Sanches

Resumen


This paper analyzes the implementation of the State’s international obligation to the progressive realization of the human right to food by the Brazilian State with a special focus on public policy to promote agroecological practices. The aim therein is to evaluate the potential benefits of the use of agroecology as means to implement the human right to food as well as identify potential areas of further development. First, a historical and legal examination of the human right to food will shed light on current legal framework to extract its detailed normative content and the State’s obligation arising therefrom, with a focus on agroecological practices as means of its implementation. In a second section, we will analyze the implementation of the HRF in the Brazilian legal order, including the applicable institutional framework and most relevant public policies. We conclude that application of agroecological public policy in Brazil represents a relevant opportunity to positively address several obstacles found in previous public policy such as the lack of integration in a complex net of institutions, whose resulting contradictions undermine public policy. The agroecology framework encompasses many of State’s obligation towards the realization of the human right to food. The Brazilian pioneer experience in agroecological policy can contribute to the further improvement and research in social science and biophysical fields.

Palabras clave


Human Right to Food, Food Security, Agroecology, State obligation, Sustainability, Brazil, public policy

Texto completo:

PDF (English)

Referencias


ABREU, L. S. de; LAMINE C., BELLON S. Trajetórias da Agroecologia no Brasil: entre Movimentos Sociais, Redes Científicas e Políticas Públicas. In: CONGRES­SO LATINO-AMERICANO DE AGROECOLO­GIA, 2.; CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE AGROE­COLOGIA, 6., 2009, Curitiba. Anais... Curitiba, 2009.

ALSTON, Phillip. Ships Passing in the Night: The Cur­rent State of the Human Rights and Development De­bate Seen Through the Lens of the Millennium Deve­lopment Goals. Human Rights Quarterly, v. 27, p. 755-829, Aug. 2005.

BAKKER, Christine. Climate change and right to life, Limits and potentialities of the human rights protection system. In: QUIRICO, Ottavio; BOUMGHAR, Mou­loud. Climate change and human rights: an international and comparative law perspective. New York: Routledge, 2016. p. 71-89.

BROWN, Lynn; GENTILINI, Ugo. On the edge: the role of food-based safety nets in helping vulnerable households manage food insecurity. In: GUHA-KHA­SNOBIS, Basudeb; ARCHARYA, Shabd S.; DAVIS, Benjamin (Ed.). Food insecurity, vulnerability and human rights failure, (no location). Basingstoke: Palgrave Mcmillan, 2007. p. 82-105.

COHEN, M. J. C.; ABERMAN, N. L.; THOMPSON, B. Impact of Climate Change and Bioenergy on Nutrition. Rome: FAO, 2003.

COURTIS, Christian. The right to food as a justiciable right: challenges and strategies. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, v. 11, p. 317-337, 2007.

EIDE, Asbjørn. Final Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate food of the UN Sub-Comission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Mi­norities, 1987, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/23. This study was later updated in 1999, Updated Study on the Right to Food, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/12, 28 June 1999.

ELVER, Hilal. Interim report of the Special Rappor­teur on the right to food, Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective en­joyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms, UN Doc. A/70/287, 2015, p. 20.

EVENSON, R. E.; GOLLIN, D. Assessing the impact of the green revolution: 1960 to 2000. Science, v. 300, n. 5620, p. 758-762, May. 2003.

FARMER, B. H. Perspectives on the ‘Green Revolu­tion’ in South Asia. Modern Asian Studies, v. 20, n. 01, p. 175–199, 1986.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition Proceedings of the FAO Inter­national Symposium. 18-19 September 2014, Rome, FAO. Legal developments in the progressive realization of the right to food, 2014, available at: http://www. fao.org/3/a-i3892e.pdf. Access on: 10 out. 2016.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Anti-Hunger Program­me. A twin-track approach to hunger reduction: priori­ties for national and international actions. Rome: FAO, 2002, p. iii - first page of the executive summary. Avai­lable at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/j0563e/ j0563e00.pdf. Access on: 06 jan. 2017.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. FAOSTAT. 2015. Avai­lable at: http://faostat.fao.org/beta/en/#compare Access on: 30 out. 2016.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Food and Agriculture Policy Decision Analyses. Available at: http://www.fao. org/docrep/field/009/i3759e/i3759e.pdf Access on: 30 out. 2016.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Implementing the Right to Adequate Food: The Outcome of Six Case Studies, IGWG RTFG Information Paper No. 4. Rome: FAO, 2004.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Small-scale Agriculture for Inclusive Development in the Near East and North Africa. 2015. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-au207e. pdf. Access on: 28 out. 2016.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. The State of Food In­security in the World. 2002. Foreword. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y7352e/y7352e02. htm#TopOfPage. Access on: 15 out. 2016.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. The State of Food Insecu­rity in the World 2105. Rome: FAO, 2015. p. 26. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4646e/index.html Ac­cess on: 15 out. 2016.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Trade Reforms and Food Security. Rome: FAO, 2003. p. 25-33. Available at: ftp:// ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/005/y4671e/y4671e00.pdf. Access on: 21 out. 2016.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS; BIOVERSITY IN­TERNATIONAL. Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (SARD) Policy Brief 11, 2007.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS; IFAD; WFP. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015. Meeting the 2015 in­ternational hunger targets: taking stock of uneven pro­gress. Rome: FAO, 2015. Available at: http://www. fao.org/3/a-i4646e.pdf. Access on: 06 jan. 2017.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS; IFAD; WFP. Reducing Poverty and Hunger: The critical Role of Financing Food, Agriculture and Rural Development. Rome: FAO, 2002. p. 12. Available at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/003/ Y6265E/Y6265E.pdf. Access on: 06 jan. 2017.

HERRING, Ronald J. How is food political? market, state and knowledge. In: ______ (Ed.). The Oxford handbook of food, politics and society. New York: Oxford University, 2015. p. 3-40.

INSTITUO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Do­micílios: 2004-2009. Available at: http://biblioteca. ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv47241.pdf. Access on: 30 out. 2016.

INSTITUO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. Segurança alimentar. 2013. Available at: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/po­pulacao/seguranca_alimentar_2013/. Access on: 30 DEZ. 2016.

LERNOUD, Julia; WILLER, Helga; SCHLATTER, Bernard. ‘North America: current statistics’. In: ______ (Ed.). The world of organic agriculture: statistics and emer­ging trends. Bonn: Research Institute of Organic Agri­culture, 2014.

LOCKIE, Stewart; CARPENTER, David. (Ed.). Agri­culture, biodiversity and markets. Livelihoods and agroeco­logy in comparative perspective. London: Earthscan, 2010.

MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT. Ecosy­stems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Asses­sment. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2005. p. 64. Available at: http://www.millenniumas­sessment.org/documents/document.300.aspx.pdf Access on: 20 out. 2016.

MOKUWA, Alfred et al. Robustness and strategies of adaptation among farmer varieties of African rice (Oryza glaberrima) and Asian rice (Oryza sativa) across West Africa. PloS ONE, v. 8, n. 3, Mar. 2013.

PAARLBERG, Robert L. Food Politics: what everyone needs to know. New York: Oxfrod University, 2013.

PERFECTO, Ivette; VANDERMEER, John; WRIGHT, Angus. Nature’s Matrix: Linking agriculture, conservation and food sovereignty. London: Earthscan, 2009.

RAE, Isabella; THOMAS, Julian; VIDAR, Margret. The Right to Food as a Fundamental Human Right: FAO´s Experience. In: GUHA-KHASNOBIS, Basu­deb; ACHARYA, Shabd S.; DAVIS, Benjamin (Ed.). Food insecurity, vulnerability and human rights failure. New York: United Nations University, 2007.

SCHUTTER, Olivier de. Agroecology, a Tool for the Realization of the Right to Food. In: LICHTFOUSE, Eric (Ed.). Agroecology and Strategies for Climate Change. New York: Springer, 2012. p. 1-16.

SCHUTTER, Olivier de; VANLOQUEREN, G. The New green revolution: how twenty-first-cen­tury science can feed the world. The Solution Journal. 2011. Available at: https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/ bitstream/handle/10535/7482/The%20New%20 Green%20Revolution_%20How%20Twenty-First- Century%20Science%20Can%20Feed%20the%20 World.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Access on: 28 out.2016.

TOMUSCHAT, Christian. Human rights: between idea­lism and realism. 3. ed. New York: Oxford University, 2014.

VALENTE, Flavio L. S. The human right to food mo­vement in Brazil. In: EIDE, W. B.; KRACHT, U. (Ed.). Food and human rights in development. Oxford: Intersentia, 2007. p.181-212.

WARNER, Keith Douglass. Agroecology in action: exten­ding alternative agriculture through social networks. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007.

WEINGÄRTNER, Lioba; TRENTMANN, Claudia (Ed.). Handbuch welternährung. Frankfurt: Campus Ver­lag, 2010.

WESTRA, John; BOODY George. Challenges and be­nefits of developing multifunctional agroecosystems. In: BOHLEN, Patrick J.; HOUSE, Gar. (Ed.). Sustaina­ble agroecosystem management: Integrating ecology, econo­mics, and society. Boca Raton: CRC, 2009. p. 213-229.

WILLER, Helga; YUSSEFI-MENZLER, Minou; SO­RENSEN, Neil (Ed.). The world of organic agriculture: sta­tistics and emerging trends. Bonn: IFOAM, 2008.

WORLD BANK. Bolsa Família: Brazil’s quiet revolution. 2013. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/ news/opinion/2013/11/04/bolsa-familia-Brazil-quiet-revolution. Access on: 30 out. 2016.

WORLD BANK. Poverty and equity data, country dashbo­ard: Brazil. 2015. Available at: http://povertydata. worldbank.org/poverty/country/BRA. Access on: 30 out. 2016.

WORLD BANK. Rural Development Unit South Asia Region. india revitalizing punjab’s agriculture, re­port no. 37069, september. 2013. Available at: https:// openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/109 86/14433/370690IN0Revit1white0cover01PUBLIC1. pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Access in: 20 out. 2016.

ZIEGLER, Jean et al. The Fight for the right to food: lessons learned. Geneva: The Graduate Institute Publications, 2011.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.5102/rdi.v14i1.4366

ISSN 2236-997X (impresso) - ISSN 2237-1036 (on-line)

Desenvolvido por:

Logomarca da Lepidus Tecnologia