Essay On Unequal Treaties and Modernity Through The Example Of Bilateral Investment Treaties

Nitish Monebhurrun

Résumé


Unequal treaties and its theory have long been inhumed by the evolution of modern international law. Reciprocity is now the principle in the quest of balancing rights and obligations of States party to a bilateral agreement. Despite this accepted configuration, a particular type of now expanding agreement – the bilateral investment treaty –, has sometimes been criticised in reason of the disequilibrium which mark its substance. Some of these agreements may, at first sight, raise the equality conundrum; others have been denounced for similar reasons. By excavating the buried and perhaps forgotten theory of unequal treaties, this article explains the normality of the disequilibrium and inequality characterising international agreements and legal practices, and does this through the lenses of bilateral investment treaties used as an illustration.

Texte intégral :

PDF (English)

Références


ALEXANDER, Emily. A. Taking account of reality:

adopting contextual standards for developing countries

in International Investment Law. Virginia Journal of

International Law, v. 48, p. 817-841, 2008.

CRAVEN, Matthew. What Happened to Unequal

Treaties? the continuities of informal empire. Nordic

Journal of International Law, v. 74, p.335-382, 2005.

DAILLIER, Patrick; PELLET Alain. Droit International

Public. 7. ed. Paris: L.G.D.J, 2002.

DETTER, Ingrid. The problem of unequal treaties.

International and Comparative Law Quarterly, v. 15, p. 1069-

, 1966.

EL BOUDOUHI, Saïda. L’intérêt général et les règles

substantielles de protection des investissements. AFDI,

p. 542-563, 2005.

FACH, Katia Gomez. Latin America and ICSID: David

versus Goliath. Law and Business Review of the Americas, v.

, p. 195-230, 2011.

FINKELSTEIN, Jesse. A. An examination of the

treaties governing the Far-Eastern Sino-Soviet Border

in light of the unequal treaties doctrine. Boston College

of International and Comparative Law Review, v. 2, n. 2, p.

-461, 1979.

FRANCK, Suzanne. Development and Outcome of

Investment Treaty Arbitration. Harvard International

Law Journal, v. 50, n. 2, p. 435-489, 2009.

GAILLARD, Emmanuel. Anti-Arbitration Trends in

Latin America. New York Law Journal, v. 239, n. 108, 2008.

GARCIA-BOLIVAR, Omar E. The surge of investment

disputes: Latin America testing the international law of

foreign investments. In: GENERAL CONFERENCE

OF THE ASIAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL

LAW, 2., 2009, Tokyo. Proceedings…Tokyo 2009.

GIDEL, Guillaume. Droits et devoirs des nations: la

théorie classique des droits fondamentaux des Etats.

R.C.A.D.I., ano 2, v. 10, p. 537-597, 1925.

GREENBERG, Katherine. A. Hong Kong’s future:

Can the People’s Republic of China Invalidade the

Treaty of Nanking As an Unequal Treaty? Fordham

International Law Journal, v. 7, p. 534-560, 1984.

GROTIUS, Hugo. Le droit de la guerre et de la paix. Trad. Jean

Barbeyrac. Amsterdam: Pierre de Coup, 1724. t. 2. cap. 15.

HELLIO, Hugues. L’ Etat, un justiciable de second ordre?

A propos des demandes étatiques dans le contentieux

arbitral transnational relatif aux investissements

étrangers. RGDIP, v. 113, n. 3, p. 589-620, 2009.

JUILLARD, Patrick. L’évolution des sources du droit des

investissements. R.C.A.D.I., ano 6, v. 250, p. 9-216, 1994.

KRYLOV, Serge. La notion principale du droit des

gens: la doctrine soviétique du droit international.

R.C.A.D.I., ano 1, v. 70, p. 407-476, 1947.

KELSEN, Hans. Théorie générale du droit international

public: problèmes choisis. R.C.A.D.I., ano 4, v. 42, p.

-352, 1932.

KU, Charlotte. Abolition of China’s unequal treaties

and the search for regional stability in Asia, 1919-1943.

Chinese/Taiwan Yearbook of International Law and Affairs, v.

, p. 67-86, 1992-1994.

LEGEAIS, Raymond. Grands systèmes de droit

contemporains: approche comparative. Paris: Litec, 2008.

MACHADO, Decio. Ecuador y la denuncia de los

Tratados Bilaterales de Inversión. CATDM, 7 dec.

Available at: .

MALIK, Manaz. South-South Bilateral Investment

Treaties: the same old story? In: FORUM FOR

DEVELOPING COUNTRY INVESTMENT

NEGOTIATORS BACKGROUND PAPERS

NEW DELHI, 4., 2010. Anais… 2010. In: THE

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT, 2011, p.1-5. Available on:

www.iisd.org/pdf/2011/dci_2010_south_bits.pdf>.

MAUREL, Olivier. La responsabilité des entreprises en

matière de droits de l’homme: nouveaux enjeux, nouveaux

rôles: étude de la Commission Nationale Consultative

des Droits de l’Homme: Paris: la documentation

Française, 2009.

MUCHLINSKI, Peter. Corporate social responsibility.

In: MUCHLINSKI, Peter et al. The Oxford Handbook of

International Investment Law. Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 2008.

MCNAIR, Arnold D. Equality in international law.

Michigan Law Review, v. 26, n. 2, p. 131-152, déc. 1927.

NOZARI, Fariborz. Unequal treaties in international law.

Stockholm: S-Bryan Sundt, 1971.

OPPENHEIM, Lassa. International Law: a treaties. 3.

ed. Londres: Ronald F. Roxburg, 2008. v. 1.

PAULUS, Andreas. Reciprocity revisited. In:

FASTENRATH et al. From bilateralism to community

interest: essays in honour of Judge Bruno Simma.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

PETERS, Anne. Unequal treaties: the max planck

encyclopedia of public international law. Oxford

University Press, 2011. Available on: .

PREUSS, Ulrich K. Equality of States-Its meaning

in a constitutionalized global order. Chicago Journal of

International Law, v. 9, p. 17-50, 2008-2009.

SCHINDLER, Dietrich. Contribution à l’étude des

facteurs sociologiques et psychologiques du droit

international. R.C.A.D.I., ano 4, v. 46, p. 229-326,

SCOTT, James Brown. Le principe de l’égalité juridique

dans les rapports internationaux. R.C.A.D.I., ano 4, v.

, p. 467-360, 1932.

SCOTT, Shirley V. The problem of unequal treaties in

contemporary international law: how the powerful have

reneged on the political compacts within which five

cornerstone treaties of global governance are situated.

Journal of International Law and International Relations, v. 4,

n. 2, p. 101-126, 2008.

SIMMA, Buno. Recriprocity: the max planck encyclopedia

of public international law. Oxford University Press,

Available on: .

SIMMA, Bruno. From bilateral to community interest in

international law. R.C.A.D.I., ano 6, v. 250, p. 217-384, 1994.

SINHA, S. Prakash. Perspective of the Newly

Independent States on the Binding Quality of

International Law. International and Comparative Law

Quarterly, v. 14, p. 121-131, 1965.

SORNARAJAH, Muthucumaraswamy. The Settlement

of Foreign Investment Disputes. The Hague: Kluwer Law

International, 2000.

SORNARAJAH, Muthucumaraswamy. Power and

Justice: Third World Resistence in International Law.

Singapore Yearbook of International Law, v. 10, p. 19-57, 2006.

STRISOWER, Leo. L’extraterritorialité et ses principales

applications. R.C.A.D.I., ano 1, v. 1, p. 229-288, 1923.

VANDEVELDE, Kenneth. J. A brief history of international

investment agreements. University of California Davis Journal of

International Law and Policy, v. 12, p. 157-194, 2005.

VAN, Gus Harten. Five Justifications for Investment

Treaties: a critical discussion. Trade, Law and

Development, v. 2, n. 1, 2010. Available at:

tradelawdevelopment.com/index.php/tld/article/

view/2(1)%20TL%26D%2019%20(2010)/38)>.

VAN, Thomas Ann Wynen; THOMAS JUNIOR, A.J.

Equality of States in International Law: fact or fiction?

Virginia Law Review, v. 37, n. 6, p. 801-802, oct. 1951.

VARELLA Marcelo Dias. Direito internacional econômico

ambiental. Belo Horizonte: Del Rey, 2003.

VERDROSS, Alfred. Règles générales du droit

international de la paix. R.C.A.D.I., ano 5, v. 30, p. 271-

, 1929.

VIRALLY, Michel. Le principe de réciprocité dans le

droit international contemporain. R.C.A.D.I., ano 3, v.

, p.1-106, 1967.

VIS-DUNBAR, Damon. Analysis: Latin America’s

new model bilateral investment treaties. Investment Treaty

News, 17 jul. 2008. Available at:

itn/2008/07/17/in-depth-latin-america-s-new-modelbilateral-investment-treaties/>.

WALDE, Thomas. Procedural challenge in investment

arbitration under the shadow of the dual role of States:

asymmetries and Tribunals’ Duty to Encure ProActively,

the Equality of Arms. Arbitration International,

v. 26, n. 1, p. 3-42, 2010.

WANG, Tieya. International law in China: historical

and contemporary perspectives. R.C.A.D.I., ano 2, v.

, p. 195-370, 1990.

WHITSITT, Elizabeth; VIS-DUNBAR, Damon.

Investment arbitration in Brazil: yes or no? Investment

Treaty News, 30 nov. 2008. Available on:

iisd.org/itn/2008/11/30/investment-arbitration-inbrazil-yes-or-no/>.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.5102/rdi.v11i1.2831

ISSN 2236-997X (impresso) - ISSN 2237-1036 (on-line)

Desenvolvido por:

Logomarca da Lepidus Tecnologia