Mover (ou não) as linhas de base: as consequências da elevação do nível dos oceanos sobre as zonas marítimas dos pequenos países insulares em desenvolvimento e as alternativas jurídicas para reduzir seus impactos

Alexandre Pereira da Silva

Resumo


A elevação do nível médio dos oceanos, em razão das mudanças climáticas de origem antropogênica, agravará a situação de vulnerabilidade que os pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento já vêm enfrentando. Muito antes de um cenário mais catastrófico de desaparecimento de Estados, pequenos países insulares poderão ser duramente atingidos em termos econômicos se suas zonas marítimas (mar territorial, águas arquipelágicas, zona contígua, zona econômica exclusiva e plataforma continental) forem diminuídas. Isso poderá ocorrer porque as linhas de base a partir das quais se medem essas zonas marítimas são “variáveis” e deverão ser ajustadas frente ao avanço do mar sobre o território terrestre. Para evitar isso, os pequenos Estados insulares estão propondo iniciativas multilaterais e unilaterais que buscam “fixar” os limites exteriores das suas zonas marítimas. Além disso, diversos internacionalistas e a Associação de Direito Internacional (ILA) também vêm indicando alternativas às atuais regras de direito do mar que permitam que os Estados insulares atingidos pela elevação dos oceanos mantenham suas zonas marítimas e, consequentemente, as receitas financeiras resultantes do aproveitamento dos recursos naturais dessas áreas. Dessa forma, a contribuição do presente trabalho consiste, em primeiro lugar, apresentar um histórico das iniciativas jurídico-políticas lançadas pelos pequenos Estados insulares nas últimas décadas para enfrentar o avanço do mar e, em segundo lugar, analisar as alternativas jurídicas que vêm sendo apresentadas na doutrina jurídica para compatibilizar a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar com a atual elevação do nível dos oceanos. Para alcançar esses objetivos, o artigo utilizou os métodos analítico e dedutivo, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, análise de relatórios da ILA e exame de legislações domésticas de cinco pequenos Estados insulares do Oceano Pacífico: Vanuatu, Kiribati, Tuvalu, Niue e Ilhas Marshall.

Palavras-chave


Elevação dos Oceanos. Linhas de Base. Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar. Doutrina Jurídica. Direito do Mar.

Texto completo:

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Referências


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5102/rdi.v17i2.6440

ISSN 2236-997X (impresso) - ISSN 2237-1036 (on-line)

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